SuperPattern Ontology
- Authors:
- https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1267-0234
- https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-6459
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- License:
- Cite as:
- https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1267-0234,https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7114-6459. SuperPattern Ontology.
Abstract
This is an ontology of the SuperPattern with which the main claims of the scientific articles can be expressed.Introduction back to ToC
An ontology to express in a formal way high-level scientific claims. It encompasses a super-pattern, a formal structure in which the semantic claims can be represented. An instance of this super-pattern consists of a context class, a subject class, a qualifier, a relation and an object class.
Relations
___is same as: "[subj] and [obj] are the same individual"
|___compares to: "[quantifiable-subj] compares to the [quantifiable-obj]"
| |___has similar value as: "[quantifiable-subj] has a value that is similar with [quantifiable-obj]"
| | |___has same value as: "[quantifiable-subj] has the same value as [quantifiable-obj]"
| |___has different value from: "[quantifiable-subj] has a value that is different from [quantifiable-obj]"
| |___has smaller value than: "[quantifiable-subj] has a smaller value than [quantifiable-obj]"
| |___has larger value than: "[quantifiable-subj] has a larger value than [quantifiable-obj]
|___has causal relationship with: "[subj] has causal relation with [obj]"
| |___affects: "[subj] affects the activity of [obj] in the sense of positively or negatively affecting its intensity or frequency"
| | |___contributes to: "[subj] contributes to the activity of [obj] in sense of positively affecting its intensity or frequency"
| | |___enables: "[subj] causes the activity of [obj] to happen"
| | |___inhibits: "[subj] inhibits the activity of [obj] in sense of negatively affecting its intensity or frequency"
| | |___prevents: "[subj] causes the activity of [obj] not to happen"
| |___increases: "[subj] causes the value of [obj] to increase"
| |___decreases: "[subj] causes the value of [obj] to decrease"
| |___requires: "[subj] would not exist if [obj] did not exist"
| |___causes: "[subj] causes the existence of [obj]"
| | |___is-necessary-and-sufficient-for: “[subj] causes the existence of
[obj], and [obj] would not exist if [subj] did not exist”
| |___is caused by: "the existence of [subj] is caused by [obj]"
|___has spatio-temporal relationship with: "[subj] has a spatial and/or temporal relation with [obj]"
|___includes: "[subj] spatiotemporally includes [obj]"
|___is included in: "[obj] spatiotemporally includes [subj]"
|___co-occurs with: "[subj] is close to [obj] in terms of space and time"
|___is followed by: "[subj] comes into existence before [obj]"
|___follows: "[obj] comes into existence before [subj]"
Qualifiers
There are five basic qualifiers that can be used:
___always: "true in 100% of cases"
|___generally: "true in at least 90% of the cases"
|___mostly: "true in at least 50% of cases"
|___frequently: "true in at least 10% of cases"
|___sometimes: "true in at least 0.1% of cases"
These basic qualifiers also come with their negative counterparts:
___never: "true in 0% of cases"
|___generally not: "true in at most 10% of cases"
|___mostly not: "true in at most 50% of cases"
|___frequently not: "true in at most 90% of cases"
|___sometimes not: "true in at most 99.9% of cases"
On top of that, these qualifiers can also be modified with "can" and are interpreted according to modal logic semantics of possible worlds. “Can” therefore means “there is at least one accessible possible world where the given statement is true” or “it is possible to make it become true”.
___can always: "can be made true in all 100% cases"
|___can generally: "can be made true in at least 90% of cases"
|___can mostly: "can be made true in at least 50% of cases"
|___can frequently: "can be made true in at least 10% of cases"
|___can sometimes: "can be made true in at least 0.1% of cases"
|___can never: "can be made true in 0% of cases"
|___can generally not: "can be made true in at most 10% of cases"
|___can mostly not: "can be made true in at most 50% of cases"
|___can frequently not: "can be made true in at most 90% of cases"
|___can sometimes not: "can be made true in at most 99.9% of cases"
SuperPattern Ontology: Overview back to ToC
This ontology has the following classes and properties.Classes
- Formalization Activity
- Potential Activity
- Quantifiable Thing
- SuperPattern Instance
- SuperPattern qualifier
- Universal Context
Object Properties
- affects
- causes
- co-occurs with
- compares to
- contributes to
- decreases
- enables
- follows
- frequently not qualifier
- has a larger value than
- has a smaller value than
- has causal relation with
- has context class
- has different value from
- has object class
- has qualifier
- has relation
- has same value as
- has similar value as
- has spatio-temporal relation with
- has subject class
- includes
- increases
- inhibits
- is caused by
- is followed by
- is in context of
- is included in
- is necessary and sufficient for
- is same as
- prevents
- requires
Named Individuals
- always qualifier
- can always qualifier
- can frequently not qualifier
- can frequently qualifier
- can generally not qualifier
- can generally qualifier
- can mostly not qualifier
- can mostly qualifier
- can never qualifier
- can sometimes not qualifier
- can sometimes qualifier
- frequently qualifier
- generally not qualifier
- generally qualifier
- mostly not qualifier
- mostly qualifier
- never qualifier
- sometimes not qualifier
- sometimes qualifier
Description back to ToC
Instances of a super-pattern consist of a context class, a subject class, a qualifier, a relation and an object class. The "is in context of" property links the instances of the subject and object classes to instances in the context class. The context class is optional and where it is not specified, the default value is then the "Universal context", a class of things that have everything in the context. This is an auxiliary class to be used when there is no specific context for a super-pattern instance. Below we show an example where the context class is "person", the subject class is “obesity and metabolic abnormality”, the qualifier is “frequently”, the relation is “co-occurs with” and the object class is “knee osteoarthritis”:
This super-pattern instance is stating that in the context of all persons, things of type obesity together with metabolic abnormality frequently (in at least 10% of the cases) have a relation of type "co-occurs with" to things of type knee osteoarthritis. So, in other words, people with obesity and metabolic abnormality tend to also frequently suffer from knee osteoarthritis.
Cross reference for SuperPattern Ontology classes, properties and dataproperties back to ToC
This section provides details for each class and property defined by SuperPattern Ontology.Classes
- Formalization Activity
- Potential Activity
- Quantifiable Thing
- SuperPattern Instance
- SuperPattern qualifier
- Universal Context
Formalization Activityc back to ToC or Class ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/FormalizationActivity
Potential Activityc back to ToC or Class ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/PotentialActivity
- is in range of
- affects op, contributes to op, enables op, inhibits op, prevents op
Quantifiable Thingc back to ToC or Class ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/QuantifiableThing
- is in domain of
- compares to op, has a larger value than op, has a smaller value than op, has different value from op, has same value as op, has similar value as op
- is in range of
- compares to op, decreases op, has a larger value than op, has a smaller value than op, has different value from op, has same value as op, has similar value as op, increases op
SuperPattern Instancec back to ToC or Class ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/SuperPatternInstance
- is in domain of
- has context class op, has object class op, has qualifier op, has relation op, has subject class op
SuperPattern qualifierc back to ToC or Class ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/SuperPatternQualifier
- is in range of
- has qualifier op
- has members
- always qualifier ni, can always qualifier ni, can frequently not qualifier ni, can frequently qualifier ni, can generally not qualifier ni, can generally qualifier ni, can mostly not qualifier ni, can mostly qualifier ni, can never qualifier ni, can sometimes not qualifier ni, can sometimes qualifier ni, frequently qualifier ni, generally not qualifier ni, generally qualifier ni, mostly not qualifier ni, mostly qualifier ni, never qualifier ni, sometimes not qualifier ni, sometimes qualifier ni
Object Properties
- affects
- causes
- co-occurs with
- compares to
- contributes to
- decreases
- enables
- follows
- frequently not qualifier
- has a larger value than
- has a smaller value than
- has causal relation with
- has context class
- has different value from
- has object class
- has qualifier
- has relation
- has same value as
- has similar value as
- has spatio-temporal relation with
- has subject class
- includes
- increases
- inhibits
- is caused by
- is followed by
- is in context of
- is included in
- is necessary and sufficient for
- is same as
- prevents
- requires
affectsop back to ToC or Object Property ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/affects
- Is defined by
- https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/latest/affects
- has sub-properties
- contributes to op, inhibits op
- has range
- Potential Activity c
causesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/causes
- Is defined by
- https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/latest/causes
- has super-properties
- has causal relation with op
- has sub-properties
- is necessary and sufficient for op
- is inverse of
- is caused by op
co-occurs withop back to ToC or Object Property ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/coOccursWith
- has super-properties
- has spatio-temporal relation with op
compares toop back to ToC or Object Property ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/comparesTo
- has sub-properties
- has different value from op, has similar value as op
- has domain
- Quantifiable Thing c
- has range
- Quantifiable Thing c
contributes toop back to ToC or Object Property ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/contributesTo
- has super-properties
- affects op
- has sub-properties
- enables op
- has range
- Potential Activity c
decreasesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/decreases
- Is defined by
- https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/latest/decreases
- has super-properties
- has causal relation with op
- has range
- Quantifiable Thing c
enablesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/enables
- Is defined by
- https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/latest/enables
- has super-properties
- contributes to op
- has range
- Potential Activity c
followsop back to ToC or Object Property ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/follows
- Is defined by
- https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/latest/follows
- has super-properties
- has spatio-temporal relation with op
frequently not qualifierop back to ToC or Object Property ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/frequentlyNotQualifier
- has domain
- class c
- has range
- property c
- is also defined as
- class
has a larger value thanop back to ToC or Object Property ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/hasLargerValueThan
- has super-properties
- has different value from op
- has domain
- Quantifiable Thing c
- has range
- Quantifiable Thing c
has a smaller value thanop back to ToC or Object Property ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/hasSmallerValueThan
- has super-properties
- has different value from op
- has domain
- Quantifiable Thing c
- has range
- Quantifiable Thing c
has causal relation withop back to ToC or Object Property ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/hasCausalRelationWith
- has sub-properties
- causes op, decreases op, increases op, is caused by op, requires op
has context classop back to ToC or Object Property ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/hasContextClass
- has domain
- SuperPattern Instance c
- has range
- class c
has different value fromop back to ToC or Object Property ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/hasDifferentValueFrom
- has super-properties
- compares to op
- has sub-properties
- has a larger value than op, has a smaller value than op
- has domain
- Quantifiable Thing c
- has range
- Quantifiable Thing c
has object classop back to ToC or Object Property ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/hasObjectClass
- has domain
- SuperPattern Instance c
- has range
- class c
has qualifierop back to ToC or Object Property ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/hasQualifier
- has domain
- SuperPattern Instance c
- has range
- SuperPattern qualifier c
has relationop back to ToC or Object Property ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/hasRelation
- has domain
- SuperPattern Instance c
- has range
- object property c
has same value asop back to ToC or Object Property ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/hasSameValueAs
- has super-properties
- has similar value as op
- has domain
- Quantifiable Thing c
- has range
- Quantifiable Thing c
has similar value asop back to ToC or Object Property ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/hasSimilarValueAs
- has super-properties
- compares to op
- has sub-properties
- has same value as op
- has domain
- Quantifiable Thing c
- has range
- Quantifiable Thing c
has spatio-temporal relation withop back to ToC or Object Property ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/hasSpatiotemporalRelationWith
- has super-properties
- member op
- has sub-properties
- co-occurs with op, follows op, includes op, is followed by op, is included in op
has subject classop back to ToC or Object Property ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/hasSubjectClass
- has domain
- SuperPattern Instance c
- has range
- class c
includesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/includes
- Is defined by
- https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/latest/includes
- has super-properties
- has spatio-temporal relation with op
increasesop back to ToC or Object Property ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/increases
- Is defined by
- https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/latest/increases
- has super-properties
- has causal relation with op
- has range
- Quantifiable Thing c
inhibitsop back to ToC or Object Property ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/inhibits
- Is defined by
- https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/latest/inhibits
- has super-properties
- affects op
- has sub-properties
- prevents op
- has range
- Potential Activity c
is caused byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/isCausedBy
- has super-properties
- has causal relation with op
- is inverse of
- causes op
is followed byop back to ToC or Object Property ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/isFollowedBy
- has super-properties
- has spatio-temporal relation with op
is in context ofop back to ToC or Object Property ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/isInContextOf
is included inop back to ToC or Object Property ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/isIncludedIn
- has super-properties
- has spatio-temporal relation with op
is necessary and sufficient forop back to ToC or Object Property ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/isNecessaryAndSufficientFor
- has super-properties
- causes op
is same asop back to ToC or Object Property ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/isSameAs
- Is defined by
- https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/latest/isSameAs
preventsop back to ToC or Object Property ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/prevents
- Is defined by
- https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/latest/prevents
- has super-properties
- inhibits op
- has range
- Potential Activity c
requiresop back to ToC or Object Property ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/requires
- Is defined by
- https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/latest/requires
- has super-properties
- has causal relation with op
Named Individuals
- always qualifier
- can always qualifier
- can frequently not qualifier
- can frequently qualifier
- can generally not qualifier
- can generally qualifier
- can mostly not qualifier
- can mostly qualifier
- can never qualifier
- can sometimes not qualifier
- can sometimes qualifier
- frequently qualifier
- generally not qualifier
- generally qualifier
- mostly not qualifier
- mostly qualifier
- never qualifier
- sometimes not qualifier
- sometimes qualifier
always qualifierni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/alwaysQualifier
- belongs to
- SuperPattern qualifier c
can always qualifierni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/canAlwaysQualifier
- belongs to
- SuperPattern qualifier c
can frequently not qualifierni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/canFrequentlyNotQualifier
- belongs to
- SuperPattern qualifier c
can frequently qualifierni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/canFrequentlyQualifier
- belongs to
- SuperPattern qualifier c
can generally not qualifierni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/canGenerallyNotQualifier
- belongs to
- SuperPattern qualifier c
can generally qualifierni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/canGenerallyQualifier
- belongs to
- SuperPattern qualifier c
can mostly not qualifierni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/canMostlyNotQualifier
- belongs to
- SuperPattern qualifier c
can mostly qualifierni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/canMostlyQualifier
- belongs to
- SuperPattern qualifier c
can never qualifierni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/canNeverQualifier
- belongs to
- SuperPattern qualifier c
can sometimes not qualifierni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/canSometimesNotQualifier
- belongs to
- SuperPattern qualifier c
can sometimes qualifierni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/canSometimesQualifier
- belongs to
- SuperPattern qualifier c
frequently qualifierni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/frequentlyQualifier
- belongs to
- SuperPattern qualifier c
generally not qualifierni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/generallyNotQualifier
- belongs to
- SuperPattern qualifier c
generally qualifierni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/generallyQualifier
- belongs to
- SuperPattern qualifier c
mostly not qualifierni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/mostlyNotQualifier
- belongs to
- SuperPattern qualifier c
mostly qualifierni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/mostlyQualifier
- belongs to
- SuperPattern qualifier c
never qualifierni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/neverQualifier
- belongs to
- SuperPattern qualifier c
sometimes not qualifierni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/sometimesNotQualifier
- belongs to
- SuperPattern qualifier c
sometimes qualifierni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC
IRI: https://w3id.org/linkflows/superpattern/terms/sometimesQualifier
- belongs to
- SuperPattern qualifier c
Legend back to ToC
op: Object Properties
dp: Data Properties
ni: Named Individuals
References back to ToC
Add your references here. It is recommended to have them as a list.Acknowledgements back to ToC
The authors would like to thank Silvio Peroni for developing LODE, a Live OWL Documentation Environment, which is used for representing the Cross Referencing Section of this document and Daniel Garijo for developing Widoco, the program used to create the template used in this documentation.